The volume of electronic waste (e-waste) accumulating worldwide continues to increase as smartphones, tablets and other devices are discarded due to breakdowns, the availability of new models or planned obsolescence. The shorten lifespans of electronic devices are sometimes intentional by manufacturers, an issue that prompted Georgia Institute of Technology researchers to examine product design implications of extended producer responsibility (EPR)-based take-back legislation on durable goods.
These laws are intended for manufacturers to create products that are easier to recycle or have improved durability for increased device lifespan. 
Photovoltaic panels are shown atop a building on the Georgia Institute of Technology campus. Source: John Toon A lack of synergy between these goals can result in counterintuitive design implications of EPR programs.
Stringent collection targets or recycling targets may imply reduced recyclability or durability. An analysis of photovoltaic panel design and production shows that more stringent EPR requirements can lead to a solar panel technology choice with lower recyclability and higher durability and consequently results in higher greenhouse gas emissions. Relative to other panels, thin-film solar panels are cost-effective to recycle due to their precious metal content. Crystalline silicon panels have a longer service life because of component durability, but are not as cost-effective to recycle.
A modeling program was developed to identify the likely effect of government policies on products based on their materials and design characteristics. The computation considers the base production cost of the product, the degree of difficulty in increasing recyclability and durability, the extent of interaction between recyclability and durability in the product design and the recycling properties of the product.
To stimulate recyclable product design, the EPR should impose a low recycling target and a high collection target. To induce durable product design, a low collection target and a high recycling goal are advocated.
