Industrial Electronics

Paper-Based Flexible Super Capacitor for Wearable Devices Developed

05 October 2017

Researchers from the U.S. and South Korea employed a simple layer-by-layer technique to develop a paper-based flexible supercapacitor that could be used to help power wearables. The device uses metallic nanoparticles to coat cellulose fibers in the paper, creating supercapacitor electrodes with high energy and power densities—and the best performance so far in a textile-based supercapacitor.

Images show the difference between paper prior to metallization (left) and the paper coated with conductive nanoparticles. (Ko et al., published in Nature Communications)Images show the difference between paper prior to metallization (left) and the paper coated with conductive nanoparticles. (Ko et al., published in Nature Communications)

By implanting conductive and charge-storing materials in the paper, the technique creates large surface areas that function as current collectors and nanoparticle reservoirs for the electrodes. Testing shows that devices fabricated with the technique can be folded thousands of times without affecting conductivity.

"This type of flexible energy storage device could provide unique opportunities for connectivity among wearable and internet of things devices," said Seung Woo Lee, an assistant professor in the Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. "We could support an evolution of the most advanced portable electronics. We also have an opportunity to combine this supercapacitor with energy-harvesting devices that could power biomedical sensors, consumer and military electronics, and similar applications."

Energy storage devices are generally judged on three properties: energy density, power density and cycling stability. Supercapacitors often have high power density, but low energy density compared to batteries, which often have opposite attributes. In developing the technique, Lee and collaborator Jinhan Cho from the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering at Korea University set out to boost energy density of the supercapacitors while maintaining their high power output.

The research team began by dipping paper samples into a beaker of the solution containing an amine surfactant material designed to bind the gold nanoparticles to the paper. Next, they dipped the paper into a solution containing gold nanoparticles. The fibers are very porous, so the surfactants and nanoparticles enter the fibers and become strongly attached, creating a conformal coating on each fiber.

By repeating the dipping steps, the researchers created a conductive paper to which they added alternating layers of metal oxide energy storage materials, like manganese oxide. The ligand-mediated layer-by-layer approach helped minimized the contact resistance between neighboring metal and/or metal oxide nanoparticles. Using this process at room temperatures, the layers can be built up to provide the desired electrical properties.

"It's basically a very simple process," Lee said. "The layer-by-layer process, which we did in alternating beakers, provides a good conformal coating on the cellulose fibers. We can fold the resulting metalized paper and otherwise flex it without damage to the conductivity."

The research involved small samples of paper, but the solution-based technique could likely be scaled up using larger tanks or a spray-on technique.

"There should be no limitation on the size of the samples that we could produce," Lee said. "We just need to establish the optimal layer thickness that provides good conductivity while minimizing the use of the nanoparticles to optimize the tradeoff between cost and performance."

The team demonstrated that their self-assembly technique improves several aspects of the paper supercapacitor, including areal capacitance, an important factor for measuring flexible energy-storage electrodes. The maximum power and energy density of the metallic paper-based supercapacitors are estimated to be 15.1 mW cm-2 and 267.3 μWh cm-2, respectively, outperforming conventional paper or textile supercapacitors.

The next step includes testing the technique on flexible fabrics and developing flexible batteries that could work with these supercapacitors. The researchers used gold nanoparticles because they are easy to work with, but plan to test less expensive metals like silver and copper to reduce the cost.

During his Ph.D. work, Lee developed the layer-by-layer self-assembly process for energy storage using different materials. With his collaborators, Lee saw a new opportunity to apply that the flexible and wearable devices with nanoparticles.

"We have nanoscale control over the coating applied to the paper," he added. "If we increase the number of layers, the performance continues to increase. And it's all based on ordinary paper."

A paper on this research was published in Nature Communications.



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